Changes to California's school funding scheme did not eliminate local school district and county office of education immunity from federal claims for damages, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals has ruled.

In this issue of the TIP Jar, we explain City of San Jose's big takeaways, and more.

As public agency officials and employees have increasingly turned to text messages and email to facilitate communication anytime and anywhere, they lost touch with a basic truth: Electronic communications are writings.

You may have experienced the following situation working for a local public agency. You open your mail and you see a document entitled "Litigation Hold."

It is more important than ever that school district employees and elected officials familiarize themselves with their obligations in retaining school district records.

In our technology-driven world, a California Public Records Act request typically seeks some form of electronic communication or record created using a computer and software program.

It's often a headache for school administrators: A teacher opts to forego the district's email system and instead gives out his or her personal cell phone number.

The United States Supreme Court has held that trademarks are private speech protected by the First Amendment, even if some find the ideas they express offensive.

The United States Supreme Court struck down as unconstitutional a state policy excluding churches from participating in a government benefit program solely based on their religious status.